June 11, 2012. Geneva, Switzerland.
Mr. Carlos Slim’s words in the “Geneva Conferences”, Switzerland, June 11, 2012
Carlos Slim Helú: At the time the last glaciations did melt, huge water volumes began to flow from the continental platforms down to the oceans; climate turned out milder and suitable for life, and men began to outstrip nomadic ways to adopt instead sedentary life in earthy paradises, which count as the very beginnings of human civilization.
We know for sure that benign climate, abundant water, flora and fauna earthy paradises did exist in Mesopotamia –the extensive valley among Euphrates and Tigris rivers–, the Yellow river in China, the valley of Nile, the valley of Mexico, and many other places.
These valleys began to be colonized by small hordes of about forty-fifty individuals, who did embrace a sedentary way of life.
With sedentary life, civilizing development began, being driven by innovation and technology, the driven force for human societies gradual advancement. Men’s first discovery is food reproduction (they already knew animal reproduction, for sure), which count for the basis of crops, shepherding and animal domestication. Newer technologies like irrigation, water control and plowing came along with agriculture.
During that civilizing stage, writing and arithmetic began too. Sedentary men learnt to making dresses and building durable dwellings.
The first tools were stone-made, and then come the bronze and iron ages, and ceramics. So men went advancing further steps because of technology and innovation.
Technology kept advancing. Men learnt to float on water and navigating on it, first on wood trunks for sure, and sail navigation later –a big technology leap forward because it allowed persons and goods transportation. Trade had begun before, of course, in the form of barter. Then coin and numerical trade operations were developed, so driving knowledge as well. All of these advancements benefiting early societies were technology-driven.
Sail navigation is at the origins of Mediterranean globalization and Western culture about 2,500 years ago. The Phoenician trade was the driving peaceful force for all of the Mediterranean cities, which developed themselves in a commercial environment. Obviously, ethnical mixes and cultural changes did occur in the process.
Then science, historiography, literature and the arts began to flourish. Buildings were monolithic then, until antique Romans did create the arch, which allowed them building vaults and aqueducts. They built roads, bridges, channels, and many other works because of such technology developments.
As it can be seen, science, technology and innovation are at the basis of social advancement.
During those ten thousand years or so, however, societies did depend on agriculture mainly. Most people were dedicated to primary activities, food production, stonecutting for buildings, and mining for exploiting precious and non-precious metals.
Societies kept evolving themselves, yet it had to last about nine thousand years for a whole revolution to occur. This was not a self-contained revolution within a given economic system, but a revolution transforming agriculture society’s paradigm and the whole ways of life as well: the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution did occur through two big innovations and steps: first the steam-engine, which gave way to a fastest and powerful kind of movement, communication, and transportation in such a way that the world got transformed itself.
The steam-engine gave way to railroad, and steamship able to navigate autonomously, free of wind and oar.
Steam-engine gave way also to machinery and equipment for manufacturing textiles, cranes and farm tractors.
The inventor of tractor was McCormick. He created the farm tractor or “reaper” for extensive agriculture laboring.
The second industrial-revolution step came at the turn of 20th Century, and it was signaled by both the internal combustion engine and power. These technologies did transform the whole human life and translated themselves into civilizing changes.
Electromechanical equipment turned big industrial boiler obsolete. Both electricity and internal combustion engine functioned as big transformers for industrial production, so bringing forth a new industrial revolution.
It was during the 20th Century that many other sciences and economic activities, like chemical, optics and many others, began to develop. During that stage, most of the working force was employed in manufacturing activities.
At that time, men transitioned from agriculture society to an industrial or secondary one. These were big leaps forward.
Scientific progress was immense also, so allowing big changes in many other fields, yet a big obstacle did arose in the process.
The United Nations Organization has played an important role in trying to correct many unwanted consequences of the agriculture-industry transition during many years. That transition was too costly in social, economic, and political terms, and in human lives, above all.
Civilizing transformations do change political paradigms. Political paradigms of agriculture society in ancient Egypt, Japan, Europe and America were based on divinity’s beliefs, while political power was monolithic. Political, religious, economic and military powers were intimately mixed.
The Egyptian pharaoh, the Aztec tlatoani, the Inca ruler, and even the Japanese emperor until the Second World War, all of them claimed to descend from divinity. Medieval Europe was governed by church. Political, economic and military power was monolithic.
Disgracefully, human rights did not exist. Slavery and servitude stood as the accepted condition for the many. Environment care, freedom and education were absent. Social immobility and social-class division did function as conditions for political domination.
People did born and die in the same place, except in war time, when they were levied and taken to different places by armies.
The industrial society gave rise to fresh paradigms bringing out huge political changes. It was the French revolution which began to change old agriculture society models, and social evolution took place.
The industrial society did inaugurate a transition from monolithic power to democracy, yet to dictatorships, totalitarianism and fascism too. Instead of claiming divine origins, new ruling classes claimed to represent the public interest. Nationalism is at the roots of many political-economic models, two world wars, and many other conflicts related to the civilizing change human kind experienced during the last past century.
During the 20th Century wireless communication began to develop. Although Maxwell had discovered the mathematical formula for that technology, it was Marconi who did create the first device in England, not in Italy, his own country.
The Titanic shipwreck in 1912 did popularize this technology because it allowed the Titanic’s crew asking for help to a near ship.
Wireless communication became then an indispensable technology.
With industrial society comes the automobile industry, and urban life becomes dominant. Broadcasting, television and aviation became very important. Horse pacing gave way to the speed of sound; speed of sound speed gave way to the speed of light. That’s the way by which technology accelerates and diffuses industrial society progress.
The industrial progress did continue through the second half of the 20th Century in the developed countries, but it accelerated itself at the end of the nineties because of a sea-change technology: the digital revolution, which is already transforming the whole world in a more substantial and faster manner than the industrial one.
The big change that we are already experiencing is transforming the industrial society into a service society, a transition from secondary society to a tertiary one, from industry to services. Most of the advanced-world working population and increasingly that of the developing ones is already working in services.
Agriculture or primary activities and manufacture tend to employ lesser and lesser labor force nowadays. Technology-based machinery and equipment make the traditional jobs in a more efficient way.
We are already living in a service society. In fact, most of the United States labor force is employed in services since the 1950s. During the first half of the 20th Century, about 70 percent of the U. S. working population was employed in rural activities. Nowadays is about two percent.
If accountants and sellers are curtailed, about 12.5 percent of U. S. working population is already employed in the industrial sector. The goods-producing working population is less than 20 percent. That means that about 80 percent of developed countries working population are already employed in services.
That new society entails a big civilizing transformation. Thanks to technology progress, our society is being transformed. Such a technology progress is basically the telecommunication networks and computer technology which count for the circulatory system of that new civilization. All they function as brain, knowledge and human action support due to internet.
Internet development and other digital applications have created a new, all-embracing revolution –the service revolution. The big challenge, however, is how this change is to be led. Required leadership seems to be absent. That already occurring change needs to be known and diffused in order to avoid the big crisis which usually occurs along civilizing changes.
As we have said, the transition from agriculture to industrial society provoked two world wars, civil wars, violent revolutions, coups d’état and calamitous social and economic experiments for human race.
The distinctive features of the new civilization are generosity and virtue. It is generous since it is based on the wellbeing for the many, not on men and land exploitation.
It is based on knowledge access, education and abilities in making good things, so forming human capital to participate in modernity and economy, or in the market, to say it in common words.
I am going to make some remarks about the paradigms underlying that new civilization.
They are as follow: democracy against monolithic and absolute power; freedom for innovation, creativity and imagination; diversity, plurality, social mobility, human rights, environment care, globalization, competence, technology, and productivity.
It would be stressed that the accelerated development of that new civilization, being driven by internet and broadband access mainly, is being promoted by United Nations, ITU, and UNESCO in order to provide universal access to connectivity. The key words today are “connected” and “to connect”.
That means “to connect to be”, “to connect to compete”, “to connect” for learning and knowing, health, trade, making businesses, even entertainment, in order to have equal opportunities access.
These aims are at the core of ITU and UNESCO Broadband Commission. Universal access is the name of the game.
Universal access is an accelerating path forward. The U.S. government has recently inaugurated the “Connect to Compete” Program. We could envisage another one being called “Connect to Growth”, etc. The important thing is providing connectivity for the whole population in order to create equal opportunities for all.
Since Mexico and the rest of Latin American countries have not attained low computer prices for the poor yet, we are already creating free digital public libraries for everybody. Instead of encouraging poor people to visit traditional libraries and taking printed books on loan, we are offering them a for-free digital environment to navigate and taking on-loan laptops to take them home.
However, digital technology, associated productivity and produced goods and wealth are growing so fast that many people have become unemployed.
Growing unemployment is being caused by lack of deep structural changes to cope with it. Unemployment hurts the young mainly. Even developed countries, nonetheless their high development, are scoring growing unemployment levels among young people.
We should figure out the kind of jobs we will need in the next ten years, the fittest activities for coming job posts, and supporting them in order to create the needed job opportunities.
Information technology field is one of them, obviously. Even small and medium-size firms will fit into it. Fortunately, important innovations are on the making for them. They will not need computers, data centers, sophisticated equipment or expert employees soon. Through the cloud they will have access to telecommunication servers and data centers to fulfill their information needs.
Broad newer fields for these activities are already looming. Beyond information technology, entertainment will experience big developments, as it is clear since now. Disposable applications and contents can be counted by the thousands already, and they can be used by every connected user.
Moreover, digitally-trained people become ablest for better jobs. Today’s young people not only got trained to be employed as plumbers, carpenters, drivers, sellers or engineers; they can be trained in a diversity of fields to take advantage of many more job opportunities.
Entertainment and tourism activities will grow up too; digital technology will also improve cultural and educational opportunities through e-learning. That means that building many university campuses will be not needed in the near future. There already are many successful e-learning endeavors.
Labor ways and retirement will change. In the industrial society, workers used to retire themselves at a relatively early age because physical effort was demanding and wearying. In the knowledge society, instead, experience and knowledge become highly valuable abilities. Therefore, aged employees will be the ablest, so they could be fruitfully employed for added years. Such a change could reduce the weekly working days, as it was hopped during the 1960s. By instance, employees could work 10-12 daily hours during three days a week, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, while others could do Thursday, Friday and Saturday. Soy, they would work intensively just three days against four resting days. In that way we could create more job posts, while employees could retire at 70 or so.
There are many changes to introduce, many of them demanding structural reforms, but we should make them quickly to stop both social deterioration and many other problems we are already experiencing.
Civil society is called for assuming growing activities. During the agriculture society, monolithic economic and political power was all-embracing. In the knowledge society, instead, governments are called to allowing and promoting more and more particular endeavors, including public-private partnerships. As we know very well by experience, economic activities are not public callings.
Secondly, governments are usually tempted to using fiscal resources, financing and credit for electoral and popularity short-term aims. In Europe, by instance, many governments have used fiscal resources for financing unsustainable welfare states because of political, not sound economic reasons. Therefore, they have accrued huge deficits and debts which are at the basis of the current financial crisis.
In order to avoid political clienteles and wasteful public spending, we should open the way for both civil society and private investment. By private investment I don´t mean to say entrepreneur activity exclusively. I mean the productive use of big retirement funds being owned by many people. These funds should be used to promote development in many fields which governments are no longer able to finance because their scarce capital should be invested in other areas.
Well, I have talked too much; we are going to dialogue right now. I appreciate your attention much.
Mr. Carlos Slim’s answers in the Geneva Conference, June 11, 2012
Question by a non-identified questioner
I have a family and that’s the most valuable wealth for me.
We in our family use to dine every single Monday; I have six sons and 19 grandsons; I have many friends since preparatory school days; I feel to be a very normal person. The rest is not important.
Privileges count as responsibility and commitment.
We are convinced that privileges entail responsibility and commitment. Privileges can be professional, economical or political ones. Being a ruler, a scientist or a teacher are privileges, and their vocations count as responsibilities and commitments.
Question by a non-identified questioner
Legal reforms are needed to allow minor offenders purging condemns by free-on-bail social work.
Unfortunately, jails are full of innocent people who are imprisoned because being poor, not criminals. Since more than twenty years ago, we run a program for bailing out them. They are poor, incidental, non-violent first-offenders. Most of them are indigenous people.
Our usual procedure is delivering the authorities the bail frame to be filled by them in order to get inmates out of jail.
In order to get minor offenders purging their penalties by free-on-bail social work, many legal changes are needed, by instance ready oral trials. Getting minor offenders out of jail is easier when they are sentenced. Many of them are condemned to pay 400-500 dollars pledges but lack such a sum, so they remain in jail, which really function as “universities of crime”. Then they become dangerous criminals.
If they were judged by easier oral trials, they could get out of prison rapidly. That would be an ideal situation.
There would also be legal changes to separate minor offenders from dangerous ones. There are many imprisoned people because of drunk quarrels, some of them are indigenous unable to speak Spanish language, so they are unable to make their own cases. Sometimes the accused happen to be mutual friends and both of them go to jail.
In order to get minor offenders judged in freedom, not in jail, legal changes are also needed. Digital surveillance collars would be useful for having them under surveillance while judging them in freedom. Digital devices would be also useful for tracking people on parole.
On-probation offenders are forced to sign in tribunal once a week, an onerous duty which obstructs them in finding a job. These persons should be legally helped to get reintegrated to social life.
We help about 8,000 minor offenders each single year. It would be nice that they were judged in freedom and paying out their pledges once being sentenced without being incarcerated to avoid in-jail-spoils and family disruption.
Question by a non-identified person
Our programs have no financial caps.
Our programs are aimed to solving problems. The above mentioned program has many years functioning and it has no limits for persons in need.
We also finance and run several educational and health-care programs. By instance, we are making genomics research. By the way, when I was talking about technology and retirement age a few minutes ago, I mentioned that the abiding retirement age was settled up when average time-life period was 60-65 years old. Nowadays is about 80 years old or so; soon will be 90 years old.
Genomics is basic to extend time-life period. Our programs have no budgetary constraints.
When we decide running a program, we infuse it a sense of urgency and priority without financial limits. By instance, in 1995 we initiated a nutrition program for pregnant women, including prenatal care, child nutrition during the first two years (the time period when child’s brain grows four times), early education, child health-care, and high-quality modern and digital education. That’s the concept.
The nutrition part of that program was assumed by the Mexican government in 1995. The rest continues to be our responsibility. By instance, we run an extramural health-care program involving public health-care centers and surgeons working for free.
We contribute surgical materials, instruments and personal allowances. The program started by doing 2,000 operations a year.
Last year we made 170,000. That’s what I mean to say in stating that our programs have no financial limits, and that’s our working way.
Social programs, especially those of health-care and education, are very important.
Direct economic aid has a limited effect. The only effective way to overcome poverty is by forming human capital and providing good nutrition, health care, education, and jobs, jobs, and more jobs.
That’s our ultimate aim in overcoming poverty with dignity. We don’t assume that delivering one-hundred dollars a month to a family will take it out of poverty. There have been many charity and support programs through the years, but poverty keeps growing up. Health care, education and jobs stand for the real things.
Question by a non-identified person
The millennium goal: broadband universal access.
We started to operate the pre-paid mobile phone many years ago. In fact, we began to offer the pre-paid card in 1991; introducing the pre-paid mobile phone in 1995 during the “Tequila effect” crisis was easy. We named it “Gillette Plan” because you subsidize the phone apparatus and sell the card. That program has been universally adopted and been successful because it has allowed mobile-phone high penetration.
Last past year we accomplished 110 percent penetration in Latin America. If the 10-12 years old population is subtracted, the penetration rate gets bigger. But that’s only voice transmission, which is very important, yet not enough.
What we have to provide from now on is universal broadband access. In a joint effort with ITU’s Broadband Commission and UNESCO, we are committed to provide it before 2015 as a part of United Nations Millennium Goals.
We already have embraced a further step, which we are committed to accelerate, providing high-speed internet access through mobile phones. All of the mobile-phone users will have access to both receive and transmit high-speed information and data. In order to attain such a goal, telecom firms need to invest in upgrading infrastructure from 3G to the newer generation technology.
Smart phones will allow, by instance, health-care monitoring in rural communities by transmitting video and data through mobile-phone networks. That’s a Broadband Commission’s specific target.
Question by a non-identified person
We already have more than 300 million telecom service contracts.
We already provide more than 300 million telecom service contracts, including 240 million mobile phone ones. By the way, we already provide mobile-phone service to 21 million U.S. minority users, about 25 million fixed lines, and about 30 million internet connections. We also provide pay-tv. Many clients have access to several services, of course.
Question by a non-identified person
Providing connectivity to everybody is the important thing.
About 12 percent of mobile phones in Latin America are smart ones. Africa’s may be lesser, I guess. The proportion in the United States is more than 50 percent.
We should make sure that users having access only to voice service change to smart phones for obtaining increased benefits. That will be very important.
In making that transition, we should avoid offering an exclusive platform. Instead, all available platforms should be offered to provide the client all what he needs anytime at the best price and quality.
By instance, in Brazil we have a program to provide telecom service via satellite for about 22,000 remote communities. Places are where the optimal technology will be optic fiber, cable, coaxial, or cellular. The important aim is to have connected everybody.
Other users should have access through free public digital libraries. As I have said, we already provide that kind of access for navigating, training, chatting, and even taking lap tops on loan.
Question by a non-identified person
Knowing the civilizing change is very important.
The first reading about civilizing change I made was about 1968. Then I read Alvin Toffler’s Future Shock (1970).
Those understanding the civilizing change better are the Chinese. They are transitioning from a consumption rural society to a modern one being based on high technology and value-added industry. They are also transitioning from low-wage to a better remunerated and increasingly competitive labor force. In fact, they are becoming the world manufacturer by profiting from the commercial openness of the rest of the world and having a too-ample globalization concept.
The civilizing change concept seems to be not so clear for many people. I am afraid that many politicians and rulers are among them. I suggest going deeper into it. As I have said, Toffler’s Future Shock was published more than forty years ago, and he has addressed lectures along the whole world, so there’s been much talk about it. But conducting such a change will require introducing structural reforms and facing high political costs, mainly for the developed countries. Then, both politicians and common citizens of developed countries are required to deeply understanding such a change. Everybody fear not understood changes.
Fear comes from ignorance or unawareness of real things. Well-discerned fresh things don’t provoke fear. But if such a phenomenon provokes unemployment and social deterioration we will react against it, so introducing changes becomes arduous.
A major challenge is sustaining wellbeing politics. To cope with it, enlarging retirement age is needed, but some governments tend to diminish it. As I have said, weekly working hours should be reduced from 40 down to 35 hours or so.
Some needed changes in education, health care, trade and banking are being introduced by technological reality already. Other activities will follow by the force of things.
Technology change adoption by governments seems to be essential, even by postponing other changes. Governments should be able to conduct their trades through technology networks or e-government as it is called. That is an important challenge.
Educational and health-care services would be cheaper through digital networks. Building campuses would become redundant; keynote addresses would be lectured by the best teachers or those having the best didactic abilities. Both teachers and students would get benefited. There is the Grand Academy as an example. We should take advantage of all these emerging trends.
Another pressing task is adopting the best practices in all of the relevant fields. We in the Broadband Commission are looking for them by creating data bank storing the whole information of such practices in education, health care, finance, business, etc., and provide universal access to them.
By instance, software and applications for money transactions through mobile phone are already available. Users could make monetary transactions from place to place, from a bank account to another one, from a mobile phone to another one, and many trades more which are already being adopted by its own force.
Governments should be aware of the emerging job areas for the coming five or ten years in order to invest in them and begin to create the required new job posts. That’s the way to cope with the alarming news about increasingly high unemployment for the young. That is one of the real problems related to the civilizing change I am talking about.
During the first civilizing change, from the nomadic hordes to the sedentary groups in earthy paradises affording abundant food, fauna, flora and water, nobody would suggest: “Hey, we should continue to be nomadic, otherwise half of us could get unemployed.” Such a society was primitive and basic, yet those men could discern the benefits of settling themselves down in earthy paradises and then organizing themselves for labor.
Nowadays, society and economy have become very complex, and people have not attained a clear picture about ongoing changes and repercussions yet, above all how to cope with them. An employment solution has to do with working hour distribution. Lesser working time would save transportation time and pollution, while providing more family, study and leisure time, whose market will grow up.
Today’s best investment is fighting poverty. Those countries able to incorporate rural consumption people to modernity, market, education, urban life and waged jobs will strengthen themselves. China is doing that way by incorporating 30-40 million people to the market out of poverty and growing 8%-10% each single year.
Mexico, Brazil and other countries did a similar way from the 1930s to the late 1970s, when they transited from rural consumption to urban industrial life. From 1932 to 1982, Mexico grew up 6.2% each single year on the average.
Such are the referential transformation we should keep in mind nowadays. The European and American developed countries experienced such a transformation during the 19th Century. They transitioned from rural condition to industrial and urban life at an impressive pace. Such are the transformational processes we should replicate in the present civilization.
Question by a non-identified person
More efficiency in conducting energy.
The structural change I am talking about is a little bit different from the above described because the countries suffering much are the developed ones nowadays. The reason of which is that they have attained a bounteous welfare state which have become unsustainable through the years. As I have said, extending the retirement age would be an important change.
Another challenge is balancing the public deficit of the European countries, to say. They have three options: increasing public spending, diminishing public spending, and selling public assets. I think that the third option is the easiest and less costly one.
By instance, toll-free highways, airports and energy-producing utilities should be sold to private investors to invigorate economic activity which governments are already unable to do because of lack of financial power. By this way, governments could diminish public deficit and debt. That would be a structural change that I am talking about.
In respect to energy production there is a lot of opportunities to develop. Technology has a great role to play in introducing more energy efficiency. Universal energy access, energy efficiency and generation stand for fundamental goals. These are United Nations’ aims.
Many non-developed agricultural countries use biomass still, a huge and harmful energy waste. Firewood gets burnt within homes usually, provoking severe health damages to babies, boys and the whole family.
Technology could be useful in introducing needed changes. Big hydroelectric plants are a recipe for floods. Instead we could build many small ones having less flood potential for environmental care and more efficient energy production. Several medium-size hydroelectric plants are preferable to a big one.
Hydroelectric plants are very important because they are clean, healthy and cheap. Many Central America’s countries using thermoelectric plants could opt for hydroelectric ones to reduce economic and environmental costs.
Energy-producing technology can be used in two ways: by introducing efficiency in fuel consumption (carbon, oil, or gas), and by developing new technologies to use, by instance, tide power, which has not been exploited until now. Seas keep permanently in motion; technology could use its formidable energy.
I have seen natural-gas power plants able to doubling energy production. There already are natural-gas and power-moved hybrid automobiles. Battery technology is growing rapidly. You can see it in mobile phones. The first ones had huge short-living batteries. The newest have smallest long-enduring ones. Battery technology development is growing much.
Question by non-identified person
We should incorporate more people to the modern economy.
We should increase investment in housing and other areas. Since about ten years ago, I have dedicated my efforts to house building, real estate development and infrastructure. My interest is what private investors can do to enlarging both human and physical capital. By human capital I mean to say health care, education, culture and sports. By physical capital I mean to say far-reaching investment.
Nowadays, non-income, marginal, poor, not-modern people is cannon fodder for populist politicians. Aid programs are useful in helping these persons to survive, of course, especially when aid is directed to education and health care. But the important thing is to incorporate them to modernity and market economy.
Until recent times, poverty and social exclusion were seen as ethical and social problems. Nowadays they are economic challenges. We are seeing such changing view in China and other countries, which are incorporating poor people to the modern economy through education and labor opportunities. That’s what we should do, making investments to create many job posts.
Urban transformation is another big pending task. Along the twentieth century, cities became huge industrial areas. They have become obsolete nowadays. Industrial-urban areas should be transformed into service zones, which multiply job posts by seven or eight times, not only during the transitional period, but permanently.
Question by a non-identified person
Pension funds.
Employed worker’s main interest is having a good job, permanency, children education, health care and safe retirement. From a strict economic view, he should consume his entire income as it comes. In fact, that’s what he would to do. Yet he should save a part of his income by compulsory means through his employer or the state.
These savings should be deposited and capitalized, not charged as passive account, because it is meant to yield in the long term. So, savings are valuable to finance long-term investment projects.
By its own long-term nature, pension funds are able to be invested in infrastructure, urban and real estate projects, dynamic endeavors, guaranteed bonds and convertible debt. Pension funds investment should be long term.
Pension funds investment should be cautious and directed to an ample range of both “fixed” and “variable” yield values. By instance, when the financial market is bull, the variable investment should be low, and conversely, when the financial market is bear, variable investment should be high. So, pension funds management should be simple and prudent according to circumstances.
In my view, pension funds stand for the most powerful financing lever of infrastructure building for all of the countries.
Question by a non-identified person
An advice for a teen ager willing to create his own enterprise.
First of all, you should live and enjoy your own age, according to your own calling. I guess you are akin to business, according to your own question. I think we should live in our own age at every moment, while envisaging what it comes, according to our own vocation, doctor, businessman, trader, technologist or scientist.
If you want to make business, I recommend you saving a little money without giving up your proper trades, reading biographies and making small investments to understanding what investment is.
You should take your own time periods, enjoy your own age and don’t hurry taking the train on. You are traversing the love period. Don’t
